A BIBLIOGRAPHIC COMPILATION ON THE IMMATURE STAGES OF HYDROPHILOIDEA (INSECTA: COLEOPTERA)


By Miguel Archangelsky



KEY WORDS: Coleoptera, Hydrophiloidea, Hydrophilidae, Helophoridae, Epimetopidae, Georissidae, Hydrochidae, Spercheidae, immature stages, larva, pupa, egg case, biology, ecology, bibliography.

This bibliographic compilation started as a tool necessary for my research on immature stages of hydrophilids. Considering the large amount of information it contains, this list may be useful to many other researchers, therefore making its publication worthwhile. It includes references in which immatures (eggs, egg cases, larvae and pupae) are described or mentioned (i. e., as part of a phylogenetic study, part of experimental observations, etc.). Also general references that provide important and useful information on the biology or ecology of hydrophilids have been included (i. e. habitats in which adults can be collected, etc.).

Hydrophiloidea in this paper is considered in Hansen's (1991) sense. It includes the following families: Helophoridae, Epimetopidae, Georissidae, Hydrochidae, Spercheidae, and Hydrophilidae. Histeridae (considered by some authors within the Hydrophiloidea) is not included. References that deal with Hydraenidae, which until recently have been traditionally considered within the Hydrophiloidea (now within Staphylinoidea), have been omitted.

This list contains close to 400 references. Of course I expect that some references may have been overlooked, and to be able to complete and update the present compilation, I would appreciate receiving any citations, reprints, unpublished information (such as Ms. or Ph.D. theses), and also any corrections to the present list.

Finally, I would like to acknowledge an anonymous reviewer for his comments, and also Dr. P. J. Spangler for his comments and additions to the list.


ABDULLAH, M. (1971), On the primitive and derivative characters of the families of beetles (Coleoptera). Beitr. Ent. 21: 503-506.

AIKEN, R. B. (1985), Sound production by aquatic insects. Biol. Rev. 65: 163-211.

ALLEN, A. A. (1956), Hydrophilus piceus at Deal; and a seldom noticed ? habit of the larva. Entomologist's Mon. Mag. 92: 153.

ANDERSON, J. M. E. (1976), Aquatic Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera). The biology of some Australian species with descriptions of immature stages reared in the laboratory. J. Aust. ent. Soc. 15(2): 219-228.

ANDERSON, W. H. (1936), A comparative study of the labium of Coleopterous larvae. Smithson. misc. Collns., 95(13): 1-29, 8 Plates.

ANGUS, R. B. (1970), Genetic experiments on Helophorus F. (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 122: 257-276.

--------------------. (1970), Helophorus orientalis (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae), parthenogenetic water beetle from Siberia and North America, and a British Pleistocene fossil. Can. Ent. 102(2): 129-143.

--------------------. (1970), A revision of the beetles of the genus Helophorus F. (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) subgenera Orphelophorus d'Orchymont, Gephelophorus Sharp and Meghelophorus Kuwert. Acta zool. fenn. 129: 1-62.

--------------------. (1970), Notes of the Helophorus species of Fennoscandia and northern Russia. Notul. ent. 54: 25-32.

--------------------. (1973), The habitats, life histories and immature stages of Helophorus F. (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 125(1): 1- 26.

--------------------. (1982), Separation of two species standing as Helophorus aquaticus (L.) (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae) by banded chromosome analysis. Syst. Entomology 7(3): 265-281.

--------------------. (1983), Evolutionary stability since the Pleistocene illustrated by reproductive compatibility between Swedish and Spanish Helophorus lapponicus Thompson (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. London. 19: 17-25.

--------------------. (1986), A revision of the Palaearctic species of Helophorus F. (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) grouped with H. minutus F., with the aid of chromosome analysis and hybridization experiments. Syst. Ent. 11: 133-163.

--------------------. (1988), A new sibling species of Helophorus F. (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae), revealed by chromosome analysis and hybridization experiments. Aquatic Insects, 10(3): 171-183.

--------------------. (1992), Insecta: Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Helophorinae. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 148 pp.

AOUAD, N. (1984), êtude Çcologique des Hydrophiloidea d'eaux stagnates de la region de Rabat (Maroc.). These Doct. 3eme cycle, Fac. Sc. Toulouse 3.

-----------------. (1988), The biological cycle and polymorphism of Berosus affinis (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) in Morocco. Ent. News, 99(2): 105-110.

ARCHANGELSKY, M. (1994), Description of the preimaginal stages of Dactylosternum cacti (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae). Ent. scand. 25: 121-128.

---------------------------------. (1994), Description of the immature stages of three Nearctic species of the genus Berosus Leach (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 79(3): 357-372.

---------------------------------. (1996), Studies on the biology, ecology, and systematics of the primaginal stages of New World Hydrophiloidea, with considerations on their phylogeny (Coleoptera: Staphyliniformia) Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 446 pp.

------------------------------- and M.E. DURAND. (1992), Description of the preimaginal stages of Dibolocelus ovatus (Gemminger and Harold, 1868) (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae: Hydrophilinae). Aquatic Insects 14(2): 107-116.

------------------------------- and ------------------------. (1992), Description of the preimaginal stages of Derallus angustus Sharp, 1882 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae, Berosinae). Ibid. 14(3): 169-178.

------------------------------- and ------------------------. (1992), Description of the immature stages and biology of Phaenonotum exstriatum (Say, 1835) (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae). Coleopts. Bull. 46(3): 209-215.

------------------------------- and L. A. FERNANDEZ. (1994), Description of the preimaginal stages and biology of Phaenonotum (Hydroglobus) puncticolle Bruch (Coeloptera: Hydrophilidae). Aquatic Insects 16(1): 55-63.

ARNETT, R. H. (1963), The beetles of the United States; A manual for identification. Washington. Catholic Univ. of America Press. 1112 pp.

BAKER, W. K. (1894), Hydrobius fuscipes, notes on its life-history, larval anatomy, etc. The Naturalist, pp. 327-333. London.

BALDUF, W. V. (1935), The bionomics of entomophagous Coleoptera. John S. Swift Co., St. Louis. 220 pp.

BALFOUR-BROWNE, J. (1939), New and rare species of aquatic Coleoptera from New Caledonia.- Dytiscidae and Palpicornia. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (11) 3: 370-376.

---------------------------------. (1939), Contribution to the study of the Palpicornia. II. Entomologist's mon. Mag. 75: 1-8.

BALFOUR-BROWNE, W. A. F. (1910), On the life-history of Hydrobius fuscipes L. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 47: 317-340, Pl. III.

------------------------------------------. (1913), The life-history of a water-beetle. Nature, 92: 20-24. London.

------------------------------------------. (1944), The proventriculus of the coleoptera (Adephaga) and other insects. A study in evolution. J. R. microsc. Soc. 64: 68-117.

------------------------------------------. (1958), British water beetles, III. London, Ray Society. 210 pp.

BAMEUL, F. (1986), Les Hydrophiloidea des iles Mascareignes (Coleoptera). Revue suisse Zool. 93: 875-910.

-----------------. (1991), Description of Nannomicrus, new genus of the tribe Omicrini Smetana from Sri Lanka (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae). Elytron 4: 131-136.

BAY, E. C. (1972), An observatory built in a pond provides a good view of aquatic animals and plants. The Amateur Scientist. Sci. Am. 227: 114-118.

-------------. (1974), Predator-prey relationships among aquatic insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 19: 441-453.

BEDEL, L. (1879-1881), Faune des ColÇoptäres du bassin de la Seine, Vol. 1. App. Annls. Soc. ent. Fr. xxiv + 260 pp.

BELLSTEDT, R. (1982), Hydrochus ignicollis Motschulsky, 1960 in der DDR (Col. Hydrochidae). Ent. Nachr. 26: 79-81.

BENICK, L. (1926), Die KÑfer der Oldesloer Salzstellen. Mitt. geogr. Ges. Naturh. Mus. LÅbeck, 31: 59-90.

BENNEMA, B. A. and P. G. SMELIK. (1950), De nestbouw van spinnende watertorren (Hydrous piceus eu Hydrophilus caraboides). Levende Natuur. 53: 21-29.

van BERGE HENEGOUWEN, A. L. (1975), Description of the egg case and larva of Limnoxenus niger (Zschach) (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). Ent. Ber., 35(1): 27-30.

----------------------------------------------. (1982), Notes on the larval stages of some East African Hydrophilinae (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). ibid., 42(1): 11-16.

----------------------------------------------. (1982), The dutch species of the genus Laccobius Erichson (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae), a systematic and faunistic study. Zool. Bijdr. 28: 59-84. (In Dutch).

BERLESE, A. (1909), Gli Insetti: loro organizzasiono, eviluppo, abitudini e rapporti con l'uomo. 1. Embriologia e Morfologia, (Hydrobius fuscipes; Hydrophilus piceus; Berosus spinosus). Milano Socit editrice libraria, 1044 pp.

BERNET KEMPERS, K. J. W. (1944), De Larven der in Nederland voorkomende Hydrophilidae. Ent. Ber. 11: 165-168.

BERTRAND, H. (1933), Spedizione cientifica all oasi di Cufra (Marzo-luglio, 1931), Note sur deux larves de ColÇoptäres aquatiques. Annali Mus. civ. Stor. nat. Genova, 56: 259-262.

----------------------. (1935), Larves de ColÇoptäres aquatiques de l'ExpÇdition Limnologique Allemande en Insulinde. Arch. Hydrobiol. Sup. Bd. 14, "Tropische Bienengewasser", 6: 193-215.

----------------------. (1935), Voyage de Ch. Alluaud et de P. A. Chappuis dans l'Afrique occidentale franáaise, Les larves de ColÇoptäres aquatiques. Revue fr. ent., 2(3): 132-140.

----------------------. (1938), Les larves aquatiques des colÇoptäres. Verh. Intern. Verin. Limnol. (1937) 8(3): 3-17.

----------------------. (1939), Les larves aquatiques des colÇoptäres. Terre et Vie 9: 99-107.

----------------------. (1947), Larves de ColÇoptäres aquatiques recueilles sur Pistia stratiotes. Notes afr., 33: 26-29.

----------------------. (1948), Les insectes hygropÇtriques. L'Entomologiste, 4(2): 66-100.

----------------------. (1949), L'adaptation chez les larves et nymphes des ColÇoptäres aquatiques. AnnÇe. biol. 53: 161-186.

----------------------. (1950), Observations biologiques sur les larves des Hydrophilides. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr., 75 (2-3): 96-103.

----------------------. (1951), Les larves aquatiques suáeuses. L'Entomologiste, 7: 64-74.

----------------------. (1954), Tableux de dÇtermination (ordres et familles) des larves-nymphes aquatiques d'insectes. Cahier Natur., N. S., 9: 3-18.

----------------------. (1955), Les insectes aquatiques d'Europe, Vol. I. Enc. Entom. (Lechevalier Çd.), ser A, 30: 1-556.

----------------------. (1955), Captures et Çlevages de larves de ColÇoptäres aquatiques. Bull. Soc. ent. Fran. 60: 50-59.

----------------------. (1962), Contribution a l'Çtude des premiers Çtats des ColÇoptäres aquatiques de la rÇgion Çthiopienne (4ß note). Bull. Inst. fr. Afr. noire, 24 A(4): 1065-1114.

----------------------. (1965), Contribution a l'Çtude des premiers Çtats des ColÇoptäres aquatiques de la rÇgion Çthiopienne (7ß note). ibid., 27 A: 1336-1393.

----------------------. (1966), Larves de ColÇoptäres aquatiques de l'Angola (Insecta: Coleoptera). Pubáoes. cult. Co. Diam. Angola, 72: 137-161.

----------------------. (1966, 1967), ClÇ de dÇtermination des larves des genres d'Hydrophilides holartiques. Cah. Nat., 22: 85-88.

----------------------. (1967), Les larves aquatiques madicoles de ColÇoptäres de l'Afrique Çthiopienne. Trav. ass. Int. Limn. theor. appl., 16: 1731-1738.

----------------------. (1967), RÇcoltes des larves de ColÇoptäres aquatiques dans la rÇgion Ethiopienne (Afrique Occidentale et Equatoriale). Bull. Inst. fr. Afr. noire, 29: 1334-1341.

----------------------. (1968), Larves des ColÇoptäres aquatiques recueilles au BrÇsil par G. M. Marlier. Bull. Soc. ent. Fr., 73(1-2): 8-21.

----------------------. (1968), Larves des ColÇoptäres aquatiques de Nouvelle-CalÇdonie. Cahiers O.R.S.T.O.M., Hydrobiologie, 2(1): 75-82.

----------------------. (1969), Contribution a l'Çtude des premiers Çtats des ColÇoptäres aquatiques de la rÇgion Çthiopienne (8ß note). Bull. Mus. Hist. nat., 2ß ser., 41(2): 458-475.

----------------------. (1972), Larves et nymphes des ColÇoptäres aquatiques du globe. F. Paillart, Paris, 804 pp.

----------------------. (1973), Larves et nymphes de ColÇoptäres aquatiques. Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 78(3-4): 89-97.

----------------------. (1973), Note sur les nymphes des ColÇoptäres aquatiques. Entomologiste, 29(6): 197-202.

----------------------. (1974), Larves et nymphes des ColÇoptäres aquatiques. 2. Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 79(3-4): 53-63.

BEUTEL, R. G. (1994): Phylogenetic analysis of Hydrophiloidea based on characters of the head of adults and larvae (Coleoptera: Staphyliniformia). Koleopterologische Rundschau 64: 103-131.

BEUTENMÅLLER, W. (1891), Bibliographical catalogue of the described transformations of N. A. Coleoptera. J. N. Y. Microsc. Soc., 7: 1-52.

BLACKBURN, T. (1898), Further notes on Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species. XXIV. Trans. R. Soc. Aust. 22(1897-98): 221-233.

BLATCHLEY, W. S. (1910), An illustrated descriptive catalogue of the Coleoptera or beetles (exclusive of the Rhynchophora) known to occur in Indiana. (Indiana Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. Bull. 1). Indianapolis: Nature Pub. Co., 1386 pp.

BîVING, A. G. (1914), On the abdominal structure of certain beetle larvae of the campodeiform type. A study of the relation between the structure of the integument and the muscles. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash., 16: 55-63, Pls. III-IV.

--------------------. (1914), Notes on the larva of Hydroscapha and some other aquatic larvae from Arizona. ibid., 16: 169-174, Pls. XVII-XVIII.

--------------------. (1929), On the clasification of beetles according to larval characters. Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc. 24: 55-97.

------------------- and F. CRAIGHEAD. (1931), An illustrated synopsis of the principal larval forms of the order Coleoptera. Entomologica. am., 11: 1-351.

------------------- and K.L. HENRIKSEN. (1938), The developmental stages of the Danish Hydrophilidae (Ins., Coleoptera). Vidensk. Meddr. dansk naturh. Foren., 102: 27-162.

BOOTH, R. G.; M. L. COX and R. B. MADGE. (1990). IIE Guides of importance to man: 3, Coleoptera. International Institute of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, The University Press, Cambridge. 384 pp.

BOWDITCH, F. C. (1884), Notes on the habits of Hydrocharis obtusatus Say and Magdalis olyra Herbst. J. Boston Zool. Soc., 3: 1-6.

BRIGHAM, W. U. (1982), Aquatic Coleoptera. In A. R. Brigham, W. U. Brigham, and A. Gnilka: Aquatic insects and oligochaetes of North and South Carolina. Midwest Aquatic Enterprises, Mahomet, Illinois, 837 pp.

BRITTON, E. B. (1966), On the Larva of Sphaerius and the systematic position of the Sphaeriidae (Coleoptera). Austr. J. Zool. pp. 1193-1198.

BROCHER, F. (1911), Berosus aericeps. Observations biologiques sur quelques insectes aquatiques. Annls. Biol. lacustre, Bruxelles, 4: 367-379.

-------------------. (1924), Sur la nymphe du Grand Hydrophile (Hydrous piceus). ibid, 13(1-2): 77-81.

BROUCI, R. (1980), Coleoptera. In Rosbosny, R. (Ed.): Key to aquatic larvae of insects). Ceskoslovenska Akademic Ved, Prague, 521 pp. (In Czech).

BROUN, T. (1886), Manual of the New Zealand Coleoptera. Part IV: 817-973. Wellington.

----------------. (1893), Manual of the New Zealand Coleoptera. Part VII: 1395-1504. Wellington.

----------------. (1904), Description of a new Coleopterous Insect from Bounty Island. Ann Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 14: 273-274.

----------------. (1910), Descriptions of new genera and species of Coleoptera. Bull. N. Z. Inst. 1(1): 3-78.

----------------. (1917), Descriptions of new genera and species of Coleoptera. Part V. Ibid. 1(5): 347-474.

BRUCH, C. (1915), Nuevas especies de Cole¢pteros Hidrof·lidos. Revta. Mus. La Plata 19(2): 447-470.

BRUES, C. T. (1932), Further studies on the fauna of North American hot springs. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sci. 67(7): 186-303.

BUKH, F. (1910), Lebensweise und Entwicklung von Spercheus emarginatus. Ent. Rdsch. 27: 127-128, 134-136.

C. S. I. R. O. (1991), The insects of Australia. A textbook for students and research workers. Second Edition. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. 1137 pp.

CAMPADELLI, G. (1982), Due abitatori dell'acqua: Hydrous piceus L. e Dytiscus marginalis L. Natura Montagna 29(1): 59-63.

CHAPMAN, R. F. (1982), The insects, structure and function. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 919 pp.

CHEARY, B. S. (1971), The biology, ecology and sytematics of the genus Laccobius (Laccobius) (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) of the New World. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Riverside, 148 pp.

CHU, H. F. (1949), How to know the immature insects. W.C. Brown, Dubuque, Iowa. 234 pp.

CLIFFORD, H. F. (1991), Aquatic invertebrates of Alberta. Univ. of Alberta Press, Edmonton 538 pp.

CORNELL, J. F. (1972), Larvae of the families of Coleoptera: a bibliographic survey of recent papers and tabular summary of 7 selected English language contributions. Coleopts. Bull. 26(1): 81-96.

COSTA, C.; S. A. VANIN and S. A. CASARI-CHEN. (1988), Larvas de Coleoptera do Brasil. Museo de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo. 282 pp., 165 pls.

CRAMPTON, G. (1921), The sclerites of the head, and the mouth parts of certain immature and adult insects. Ann. ent. Soc. Am., 14 (2).

-----------------------. (1925), A phylogenetic study of the labium of Holometabolous Insects with particular reference to Diptera. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash., 27: 68- 91.

CROWSON, R. A. (1950), The classification of the families of British Coleoptera. Entomologist's mon. Mag. 86: 149-171, 274-288, 324-344.

------------------------. (1955), The natural classification of the families of Coleoptera. London: N. Lloyd, 187 pp.

------------------------. (1960), The phylogeny of Coleoptera. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 5: 111- 134.

------------------------. (1967), The natural classification of the families of Coleoptera. Addenda and corrigenda. Entomologist's mon. Mag. 103: 209-214.

------------------------. (1981), The biology of Coleoptera. Academic Press; Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers. 802 pp.

CUPPEN, J. G. M. (1986), On the habitats, distribution and life-cycles of the Western European species of the genus Helochares Mulsant (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Hydrobiologia, 131(2): 169-183.

------------------------. (1986), Het recent voorkomen van tien keversoorten in Nederland (Coleoptera). Ent. Ber., Amsterdan 52(12): 177-184.

CUSSAC, E. (1852), Moeurs et mÇtamorphoses du Spercheus emarginatus et de l'Helochares lividus. Annls. Soc. ent. Fr., 10: 617-627, Pl. XII.

----------------. (1856), Notice concernant les metamorphoses du Ceutorhynchus rhaphani et du Mycetochares linearis et remarques sur les moeurs de l'Hydrobius fuscipes. ibid. 3(3): 241-248.

BATZER, D. P. and V. H. RESH. (1991), Trophic interactions among a beetle predator, a chironomid grazer, and periphyton in a seasonal wetland. Oikos 60: 251-257.

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DETTNER, K. (1976), Populationsdynamische Untersuchungen an WasserkÑfern zweier Hochmoore des Nordschwarzwaldes. Arch. Hydrobiol. 77: 375-402.

DORSEY, C. K. (1943), The musculature of the labium, and pharyngeal region of adult and immature Coleoptera. Smithson. misc. Collns. 103: 1-42.

DROST, M. B. P. (1989),Helophorus croaticus and H. pumilio in the Netherlands, with description of their larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Ent. Ber., Amst., 49(1): 1-7.

DUGES, E. (1884), MÇtamorphoses du Tropisternus lateralis Fab. Annls. Soc. ent. Belg., 28: 7-12, Pl. I.

DURRETT TURNER, E. S. (1979), A survey of the aquatic Coleoptera of Madison County, Kentucky, Including critical thermal maxima values for selected species. Ms. Disertation, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky. 77 pp.

DYBAS, H. S. (1976), The larval characters of featherwing and limulodid beetles and their family relationships in the Staphylinoidea (Coleoptera: Ptiliidae and Limulodidae). Fieldiana Zool. 70: 29-78.

van EMDEN, F. I. (1932), Ergebnisse einiger Moorexcursionen im West Erzgebirge. Koleopt. Rdsch. 18: 140-150.

------------------------. (1942), Larvae of British beetles. III. Keys to the families. Entomologist's mon. Mag. 78: 206-226, 253-272.

------------------------. (1946), Egg-bursters in some families of polyphagous beetles and some general remarks on egg-bursters. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond., (A) 21: 89-97.

------------------------. (1956). The Georyssus larva, a Hydrophilid. ibid., 31(1-3): 20-24.

ERICHSON, W. F. (1841), Hydrous larva. Arch. Naturgesch. 7: 108-110.

EYRE, M. D., R. CARR, R. P. McBLANE, and G. N. FOSTER. (1992), The effects of varying site-water duration on the distribution of water beetle assemblages, adults and larvae (Coleoptera: Haliplidae, Dytiscidae, Hydrophilidae). Arch. Hydrobiol. 124(3): 281-291.

FERNANDEZ, L. A. (1980), Descripci¢n de las formas preimaginales de Tropisternus (Pristoternus) ignoratus Knisch 1919 (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). Revta. Soc. ent. argent. 39: 127-133.

--------------------------. (1983), Helochares (Sindolus) talarum sp. nov., redescripci¢n de Helochares (Helochares) pallipes (Brulle) y descripci¢n de sus estados preimaginales. Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae. Limnobios, 2(6): 439-449.

--------------------------. (1989, 1990), Aspectos sobre la ecolog·a poblacional de Helochares talarum Fern (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Revta. Soc. ent. argent. 48(1-4): 161-165.

--------------------------. (1991, 1992), Descripcion de la ooteca y estadios larvales de Enochrus (Hugoscottia) scutellaris (Bruch) y Enochrus (Methydrus) vulgaris (Steinheil) (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae. Revta. Soc. ent. argent. 50 (1-4): 343-352.

--------------------------- and E. A. DOMIZI. (1983), Estudio preliminar sobre la biolog·a de Tropisternus (Pristoternus) setiger Germar (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). Ibid. 42(1-4): 261-265.

--------------------------- and A. I. KEHR. (1994), The annual life cycle of an Argentinean population of Helochares femoratus (BrullÇ). Coleopts. Bull. 48(1): 95-98.

--------------------------- and A. I. KEHR. (1995), Disposici¢n espacial y su variabilidad con respecto al tiempo de una poblaci¢n de Helochares femoratus (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Revta. Soc. ent. argent. 54(1-4): 67-73.

FERNANDO, C. H. (1958), The colonization of small freshwater habitats by aquatic insects, I. General discussion, methods and colonization in the aquatic Coleoptera. Ceylon J. Sci. 1: 117-154.

--------------------------. (1963), The distribution of aquatic insects in South East Asia with special reference to their dispersal. Bull. Nat. Mus., Singapore, 32: 72-79.

FICHTNER, E. (1972), Aus der Biologie der WasserkÑfer. Ent. Ber., 1972: 11-13.

FISCHER-SIGWART, H. (1889), Das Thierleben im Terrarium. Mitt. aargan. naturf. Ges., 5: 1-178.

---------------------------------. (1899), Egg-laying of Hydrobius piceus. Arch. Sci. Nat. 8: 494-495.

FORBES, S. A. (1888), On the food relations of fresh-water fishes: A summary and discussion. Bull. Ill. St. Lab. nat. Hist., 2: 475-538.

FORGE, P. (1981), Flore et faune aquatiques de l'Afrique Sahelo-soudaniennne. Tome 2. Coleopteres. Initiations-Doc. tech. O.R.S.T.O.M. 45: 487-516.

FORMANOWICZ, D. R.Jr, and E. D. BRODIE Jr. (1988), Prey density and ambush site changes in Tropisternus lateralis larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). J. Kans. ent. Soc., 61(4): 420-427.

----------------------------------- , M. S. BOBKA, and E. D. BRODIE Jr. (1982), The effect of prey density on ambush-site changes in an extreme ambush-type predator. Am. Midl. Nat. 108(2): 250-256.

FORTICH, L. F. (1979), Descripci¢n de los estadios preimaginales de Tropisternus (Pristoternus) setiger (Germar) (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). Seminario para la Licenciatura, niversidad de Buenos Aires. 29 pp., 29 pl.

FOWLER, W. W. (1882), A contribution to the life-history of Spercheus emarginatus. Entomologist's. Mon. Mag. 19: 79.

FRANKENBERG, G. (1940), Ein brutpflegender und musizierender Wasserkafer (Spercheus emarginatus). Natur Volk, 70: 79-89.

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