The Animal Body Plan
Symmetry
bilateral symmetry
cephalization
Organization of the
Vertebrate Body Fig. 28.2
Tissues
Germ
layers: Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
Four broad categories of tissues occur in adults: epithelium, connective tissue, muscle
tissue, and nerve tissue. (Fig.
28.1)
Organs
Organ
Systems Fig. 28.3a,
Fig. 28.3b
The human body has eleven different organ systems; the skeletal system, circulatory
system, endocrine system, nervous system, respiratory system, lymphatic and
immune system, digestive system, urinary system, skin or integumentary system,
muscular system, and the reproductive system.
Epithelium Is
Protective Tissue Fig 28.4
Lines and covers
body surfaces.
Epithelium provides three basic functions: it protects tissues from dehydration and
damage; it provides
sensory surfaces; and it secretes substances.
Types of
Epithelial Cells and Epithelial Tissues (Table 28.2
)
squamous, cuboidal, and columnar
Simple
epithelium
stratified
epithelium
glandular
epithelium
Exocrine glands
secrete materials into ducts that open to the outside.
Ex:
sweat,
mammary, and salivary glands.
Endocrine
glands are ductless and secrete hormones into body fluids.
Connective Tissue
Supports the Body (Table 28.3)
dense structural materials and immune defense.
Connective tissue is derived from mesoderm and falls into three functional categories.
1. Immune
Connective Tissue
macrophages
lymphocytes
2. Skeletal
Connective Tissue
Fibroblasts
Cartilage
Bone Fig 28.5. Osteoporosis Fig. 28.6
3. Storage and Transport Connective
Tissue
adipose tissue
blood
erythrocytes
plasma
Muscle Tissue (Table 28.4)
contraction
microfilaments Fig. 28.7
The Muscular System (Fig. 28.13)
smooth muscle
skeletal muscle
Flexor and
extensor muscles (Fig. 28.14)
cardiac muscle
gap
junctions
Nerve Tissue Table 28.5
Neurons Fig.
28.8
cell body
axon
dendrites
synapse
neurotransmitters
nerve
glial cells
The Skeletal System
Hydraulic skeleton Fig. 28.9
Exoskeletons Fig. 28.10
Endoskeletons
Fig. 28.11
A Vertebrate
Endoskeleton: The Human Skeleton (Fig. 28.12)
206 bones
The Axial
Skeleton
The
Appendicular Skeleton
pectoral girdle and arms
pelvic girdle and legs
The Structure of Bone (Fig. 28.5)
bone tissue
collagen
calcium phosphate
osteoblasts
dense
compact bone
spongy bone
bone marrow
concentric
circles
central blood vessel
ligaments
tendons
