Atoms (Fig. 3.2)
protons
neutrons
electrons
Electrons determine how an
atom will interact with other atoms.
Electrons
possess energy. (Fig. 3.3)
Energy
shells contain orbitals. Orbitals may contain up to 2
electrons. (Fig.
3.4)
Ions (Fig. 3.5)
Electrically
neutral atom
Ions
Isotopes (Fig. 3.6)
atomic number.
atomic mass
isotopes.
radioactive decay.
Medical uses (Fig. 3.7)
Dating Fossils (Fig. 3.8). Also, see this image.
By
dating the rocks in which fossils occur, biologists can determine the age of
the fossil.
A radioactive atom is one in which the nucleus is unstable and eventually flies
apart, creating a smaller and more stable atom.
Carbon-14 (14C ) radioisotopic
dating
Potassium -40
Molecules
A molecule is made up of two or more
atoms held together by a chemical bond.
Chemical bonds
Ionic Bonds (Fig. 3.9)
Covalent
Bonds
(Fig. 3.10)
Hydrogen
Bonds
(Fig. 3.11)
Hydrogen bonds give water
unique properties (Table 3.2) Movie
Heat Storage
Ice
Formation - (Fig. 3.12)
High Heat of
Vaporization
evaporative cooling.
Cohesion (Fig. 3.13)
cohesion. Movie
surface tension
adhesion.
High
Polarity (Fig. 3.14)
hydrophilic
hydrophobic.
Water Ionizes spontaneously, forming hydrogen ions and hydroxyl
ions.
pH - (Fig. 3.15) The amount of hydrogen ions present in solution can be
measured by the pH scale, which indicates substances that are acids and those
that are bases.
Acids
Bases
Buffers
Macromolecules (Table 4.1a and 4.1b)
macromolecules
polymers are built from repeating subunits (monomers)
Organic
molecules are based on long chains of carbon with functional groups (Fig. 4.1)
on the ends that give the molecules their unique chemical properties. (Don't
need to know the various functional groups.)
Making and
Breaking Macromolecules (Fig. 4.3)
enzymes and dehydration synthesis.
hydrolysis.
Proteins
Proteins
can serve as enzymes
(Fig.
4.9),
play structural
roles (Fig
4.4),
or act as chemical
messengers (Ex: hormones).
Proteins are polypeptides
made up of amino
acids (Fig 4.5)
joined together by peptide bonds. (Fig. 4.6)
Protein
Structure (Fig. 4.7)
The sequence
of amino acids within a protein is called the primary structure. This
is followed by folding.
denatured proteins.
(Fig. 4.8)
chaperone
proteins.
(Fig. 4.10)
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic
acids (polynucleotides) store information for cells and are made up
of subunits called nucleotides (Fig. 4.11).
DNA and RNA (Fig. 4.12)
Deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) exists as a double helix (Fig. 4.13) of polynucleotides.
Adenine
pairs with thymine (A-T) and cytosine pairs with guanine (C-G).
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Carbohydrates (Table 4.2a and 4.2b)
Simple Carbohydrates
monosaccharide (Fig. 4.14).
disaccharide (Fig. 4.15).
Complex
Carbohydrates (Fig. 4.16)
polysaccharides
glycogen, chitin,
cellulose, and starch.
Lipids
lipids.
fats
triglycerols.
The
fatty acids may be saturated
or unsaturated (Fig. 4.17) with hydrogen along the carbon chain.
Other Types
of Lipids
phospholipids (Fig 4.19)
steroids and others (Fig. 4.18)
