Gene technology, also called biotechnology, is the use of living organisms to create
products or facilitate processes.
Genetic engineering
transgenic organism
recombinant DNA
THE FOUR STAGES OF A GENETIC ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT
Fig 14.3
Stage
1: Cleaving DNA
restriction enzymes (AKA restriction
endonucleases) (Fig 14.2) and Movie
Recognition
sequence
electrophoresis Fig 14.4
"Sticky" ends
DNA ligase
Stage
2: Producing Recombinant DNA.
Stage
3: Cloning.
clone library.
Stage 4: Screening.
transgenic
DNA Fig 14.5
and Fig
14.6
Early genetic
engineering Movie
WORKING WITH DNA
PCR Amplification Fig 14.7 and Movie
polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
primers
Heat is applied to a solution of DNA, primers, nucleotides, and
Taq polymerase.
The enzyme, Taq polymerase, then begins at a primer and replicates
the single-stranded DNA.
cDNA (complementary DNA) Fig 14.8 (Movie)
DNA Fingerprinting Fig
14.9 and RFLPÕs Restriction fragment length polymorphisms - Movie
GENETIC ENGINEERING AND MEDICINE Table 14.1
insulin
Human Growth Hormone
Fig 14.10
Anticoagulants
Proteins to promote clotting
Piggyback Vaccines (Fig 14.11)
pathogen
GENETIC ENGINEERING AND AGRICULTURE
Farm Animals
bovine somatotropin Fig 14.12
growth
hormones
Genetically altered crops - First came to
market in 1994: Table 14.2a
and Table
14.2b.
Pest Resistance
killing
pests: (Bacillus thuringensis Bt toxin).
resistant
to insect pests.
Herbicide Resistance Fig 14.14
More Nutritious Crops
Transgenic
ÒgoldenÓ rice has been genetically engineered to contain more vitamin A and
iron, as well as inhibitors that conserve iron in the body. Fig 14.15
Risks of GM (genetically modified)
foods