Biology is the study of
living things.
All living things can be categorized into three domains and six kingdoms Fig. 1.16.
Fig 1.1.
Diversity
chart.
Bacteria
Bacteria
Archaea
Archaea
Eukarya
Properties of Life - All living things
share certain properties as a result of billions of years of evolution from a common
ancestor.
1. Cellular
organization. (Image
1 and Image
2)
2. Metabolism.
(Image)
3. Homeostasis
(image)
4. Growth and
reproduction.
5. A genetic system
based on DNA,
which transmits characteristics from parent to offspring in a process called heredity.
The Organization of
Life
(Fig. 1.4)
Image
1 and Image
2
Cellular level
1. Atoms
2. Molecules
3. Macromolecules
4. Organelles
5.
The cell
is the smallest living level of organization.
Organismal level
6. Tissues
7. Organs.
8. Organ systems
9. Organisms
Population level
10. Populations.
Image
11. Species.
12. Community. image
13. Ecosystem. image
Biological
Themes
1.
Evolution is the change in gene frequency over time that may result in a
new species. (See pages 24-32)
Charles Darwin (Fig
2.1) and voyage of the Beagle (Fig 2.3)
Returned to England after voyage
Did
not accept idea of evolution until told by expert that his specimens of finches
(fig. 2.5)
from the Galapagos were separate species. (fig. 2.9 and fig. 2.10).
This led him to doubt the fixity of species.
He then compared extinct species from the
fossil record to living organisms.
He noted the similarity of armadillos to glyptodonts (fig. 2.4).
If both were created at the same time, why was one
extinct and the other not
He also noted that the organisms in the
forests of Europe were more similar to the organisms in the prairies of Europe
than to the organisms in the forests of South America. If they were all created
at the same time, shouldn’t all forest organisms be the same worldwide?
Natural Selection (Image) and
artificial
selection (Image).
The diversity
of life on earth today is the result of a long history of natural
selection. (Fig
2.12)
2. The flow of energy
through the food chain is a key factor in shaping ecosystems. Fig. 2.14.
3. Coevolution, not cooperation, between different organisms is responsible for
much of the diversity of living things. EX: parasitism,
(a form of symbiosis) (mites living in the air passages of an insect)
4. Biological structures
are closely related to their functions. (Fig 17.5
and Fig.
17.6)
5. Homeostasis - to maintain a
relatively stable internal environment. image
The Scientific
Process
Mycorrhizae
(image ) - plants without
and with
mycorrhizae
Stages of a
Scientific Investigation - the scientific method (Fig. 1.7)
1. Observation.
2. Hypothesis (pl. hypotheses).
3. Predictions.
4. Experiments. (controls
and variables)
5. Conclusion.
6. Theory.
People use the term "theory" differently in common speech.
Four theories unify biology as a science
The cell theory - Fig. 1.12
The gene theory - Fig. 1.11
and Fig
1.12
The theory of heredity - Fig. 1.13
The theory of evolution - Fig. 1.15 and Image
and image
and Bacterial
resistance and Pesticide
resistance
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